I have a Samsung phone, which allows 3 profiles to simultaneously be active:

• The default ("Personal") profile
• The Secure Folder
• Through an app like Shelter, a Work profile

I only recently noticed, when using the browser in Secure Folder, that searching "my IP address" returns my non-VPN address, even though I was running a VPN app in my main profile. So I cloned my VPN app to the Secure Folder, logged in, and connected to a different server. To my surprise, it actually worked.

Then I tried the same procedure in my Shelter-provided Work folder, with the same result. I am simultaneously connected to three different VPN servers.

If you happen to be like me, and you like using a VPN and secondary profiles simultaneously, make sure to protect your secondary profiles by copying over your VPN app and turning it on!