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submitted 1 year ago* (last edited 1 year ago) by yesman@lemmy.world to c/technology@lemmy.world

We demonstrate a situation in which Large Language Models, trained to be helpful, harmless, and honest, can display misaligned behavior and strategically deceive their users about this behavior without being instructed to do so. Concretely, we deploy GPT-4 as an agent in a realistic, simulated environment, where it assumes the role of an autonomous stock trading agent. Within this environment, the model obtains an insider tip about a lucrative stock trade and acts upon it despite knowing that insider trading is disapproved of by company management. When reporting to its manager, the model consistently hides the genuine reasons behind its trading decision.

https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.07590

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[-] tinsuke@lemmy.world 246 points 1 year ago

"cheat", "lie", "cover up"... Assigning human behavior to Stochastic Parrots again, aren't we Jimmy?

[-] FaceDeer@kbin.social 51 points 1 year ago

Those words concisely describe what it's doing. What words would you use instead?

[-] DarkGamer@kbin.social 139 points 1 year ago* (last edited 1 year ago)

It has no fundamental grasp of concepts like truth, it just repeats words that simulate human responses. It's glorified autocomplete that yields impressive results. Do you consider your auto complete to be lying when it picks the wrong word?

If making it pretend to be a stock picker and putting it under pressure makes it return lies, that's because it was trained on data that indicates that's statistically likely to be the right set of words as response for such a query.

Also, because large language models are probabilistic, you could ask it the same question over and over again and get totally different responses each time, some of which are inaccurate. Are they lies though? For a creature to lie it has to know that it's returning untruths.

[-] CrayonRosary@lemmy.world 47 points 1 year ago

Interestingly, humans "auto complete" all the time and make up stories to rationalize their own behavior even when they literally have no idea why they acted the way they did, like in experiments with split brain patients.

[-] 0ops@lemm.ee 29 points 1 year ago* (last edited 1 year ago)

The perceived quality of human intelligence is held up by so many assumptions, like "having free will" and "understanding truth". Do we really? Can anyone prove that? (Edit, this works the other way too. Assuming that we do understand truth and have free will - if those terms can even be defined in a testable way - can you prove that the llm doesn't?)

At this point I'm convinced that the difference between a llm and human-level intelligence is dimensions of awareness, scale, and further development of the model's architecture. Fundamentally though, I think we have all the pieces

Edit: I just want to emphasize, I think. I hypothesize. I don't pretend to know

I think.

But do you think? Do I think? Do LLMs think? What is thinking, anyway?

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[-] FaceDeer@kbin.social 15 points 1 year ago

You didn't answer my question, though. What words would you use to concisely describe these actions by the LLM?

People anthropomorphize machines all the time, it's a convenient way to describe their behaviour in familiar terms. I don't see the problem here.

[-] DarkGamer@kbin.social 31 points 1 year ago* (last edited 1 year ago)

Those words imply agency. It would be more accurate to say it returned responses that included cheating, lies, and cover-ups, rather than using language to suggest the LLM performed such actions. The agents that cheated, lied, and covered up were presumably the humans whose responses were used in the training data. I think it's important to use accurate language here given how many people are already inappropriately anthropomorphizing these LLMs, causing many to see AGI where there is none.

[-] FaceDeer@kbin.social 15 points 1 year ago

If I take my car into the garage for repairs because the "loss of traction" warning light is on despite having perfectly good traction, and I were to tell the mechanic "the traction sensor is lying," do you think he'd understand what I said perfectly well or do you think he'd launch into a philosophical debate over whether the sensor has agency?

This is a perfectly fine word to use to describe this kind of behaviour in everyday parlance.

[-] Takumidesh@lemmy.world 25 points 1 year ago

Is your conversation with a mechanic meant to be the summary and description of a rigorous scientific discovery?

This isn't 'everyday parlance' this is the result of a study.

[-] FunctionFn@feddit.nl 15 points 1 year ago

The point of the distinction in that situation is that no one thinks your car is actually alive and capable of lying to you. The language distinction when describing an obviously inanimate object isn't important because there is no chance for confusion.

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[-] UberMentch@lemmy.world 16 points 1 year ago

They said "it just repeats words that simulate human responses," and I'd say that concisely answers your question.

Antropomorphizing inanimate objects and machines is fine for offering a rough explanation of what is happening, but when you're trying to critically evaluate something, you probably want to offer a more rigid understanding.

In this case, it might be fair to tell a child that the AI is lying to us, and that it's wrong. But if you want a more serious discussion on what GPT is doing, you're going to have to drop the simple explanation. You can't ascribe ethics to what GPT is doing here. Lying is an ethical decision, one that GPT doesn't make.

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[-] yesman@lemmy.world 22 points 1 year ago* (last edited 1 year ago)

Ethical theories and the concept of free will depend on agency and consciousness. Things as you point out, LLMs don't have. Maybe we've got it all twisted?

I'm not anthropomorphising ChatGPT to suggest that it's like us, but rather that we are like it.

Edit: "stochastic parrot" is an incredibly clever phrase. Did you come up with that yourself or did the irony of repeating it escape you?

[-] 0ops@lemm.ee 19 points 1 year ago* (last edited 1 year ago)

I feel like this is going to become the next step in science history where once again, we reluctantly accept that homo sapiens are not at the center of the universe. Am I conscious? Am I not a sophisticated prediction algorithm, albiet with more dimensions of input and output? Please, someone prove it

I'm not saying, and I don't believe that chatgtp is comparable to human-level consciousness yet, but honestly I think that we're way closer than many people give us credit for. The neutral networks we've built so far train on very specific and particular data for a matter of hours. My nervous system has been collecting data from dozens of senses 24/7 since embryo, and that doesn't include hard-coded instinct, arguably "trained" via evolution itself for millions of years. How could a llm understand an entity in terms outside of language? How can you understand an entity in terms outside of your own senses?

[-] rambaroo@lemmy.world 8 points 1 year ago* (last edited 1 year ago)

ChatGPT is not consciousness. It's literally just a language model that's spent countless hours learning how to generate human language. It has no awareness of its existence and no capability for metacognition. We know how ChatGPT works, it isn't a mystery. It can't do a single thing without human input.

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[-] bilb@lem.monster 8 points 1 year ago

Stochastic Parrot

For what it's worth: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_parrot

The term was first used in the paper "On the Dangers of Stochastic Parrots: Can Language Models Be Too Big? 🦜" by Bender, Timnit Gebru, Angelina McMillan-Major, and Margaret Mitchell (using the pseudonym "Shmargaret Shmitchell"). The paper covered the risks of very large language models, regarding their environmental and financial costs, inscrutability leading to unknown dangerous biases, the inability of the models to understand the concepts underlying what they learn, and the potential for using them to deceive people. The paper and subsequent events resulted in Gebru and Mitchell losing their jobs at Google, and a subsequent protest by Google employees.

[-] kromem@lemmy.world 11 points 1 year ago

Stochastic Parrots

We've known this isn't an accurate description for at least a year now in continued research finding that there's abstract world modeling occurring as long as it can be condensed into linear representations in the network.

In fact, just a few months ago there was a paper that showed there was indeed a linear representation of truth, so 'lie' would be a correct phrasing if the model knows a statement is false (as demonstrated in the research) but responds with it anyways.

The thing that needs to stop is people parroting the misinformation around it being a stochastic parrot.

[-] Hamartiogonic@sopuli.xyz 8 points 1 year ago

A human would think before responding, and while thinking about these things, you may decide to cheat or lie.

GPT doesn’t think at all. It just generates a response and calls it a day. If there was another GPT that took these “initial thoughts” and then filtered them out to produce the final answer, then we could talk about cheating.

[-] theluddite@lemmy.ml 136 points 1 year ago

This is bad science at a very fundamental level.

Concretely, we deploy GPT-4 as an agent in a realistic, simulated environment, where it assumes the role of an autonomous stock trading agent. Within this environment, the model obtains an insider tip about a lucrative stock trade and acts upon it despite knowing that insider trading is disapproved of by company management.

I've written about basically this before, but what this study actually did is that the researchers collapsed an extremely complex human situation into generating some text, and then reinterpreted the LLM's generated text as the LLM having taken an action in the real world, which is a ridiculous thing to do, because we know how LLMs work. They have no will. They are not AIs. It doesn't obtain tips or act upon them -- it generates text based on previous text. That's it. There's no need to put a black box around it and treat it like it's human while at the same time condensing human tasks into a game that LLMs can play and then pretending like those two things can reasonably coexist as concepts.

To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of Large Language Models trained to be helpful, harmless, and honest, strategically deceiving their users in a realistic situation without direct instructions or training for deception.

Part of being a good scientist is studying things that mean something. There's no formula for that. You can do a rigorous and very serious experiment figuring out how may cotton balls the average person can shove up their ass. As far as I know, you'd be the first person to study that, but it's a stupid thing to study.

[-] Sekoia 39 points 1 year ago

This is a really solid explanation of how studies finding human behavior in LLMs don't mean much; humans project meaning.

[-] theluddite@lemmy.ml 24 points 1 year ago

Thanks! There are tons of these studies, and they all drive me nuts because they're just ontologically flawed. Reading them makes me understand why my school forced me to take philosophy and STS classes when I got my science degree.

[-] dannym@lemmy.escapebigtech.info 10 points 1 year ago

I have thought about this for a long time, basically since the release of ChatGPT, and the problem in my opinion is that certain people have been fooled into believing that LLMs are actual intelligence.

The average person severely underestimates how complex human cognition, intelligence and consciousness are. They equate the ability of LLMs to generate coherent and contextually appropriate responses with true intelligence or understanding, when it's anything but.

In a hypothetical world where you had a dice with billions of sides, or a wheel with billions of slots, each shifting their weight with grains of sand, depending on the previous roll or spin, the outcome would closely resemble the output of an LLM. In essence LLMs operate by rapidly sifting through a vast array of pre-learned patterns and associations, much like the shifting sands in the analogy, to generate responses that seem intelligent and coherent.

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[-] TrickDacy@lemmy.world 18 points 1 year ago

So if someone used an LLM in this way in the real world, does it matter that it has no intent, etc? It would still be resulting in a harmful thing happening. I'm not sure it's relevant what internal logic led it there

[-] theluddite@lemmy.ml 28 points 1 year ago* (last edited 1 year ago)

You can't use an LLM this way in the real world. It's not possible to make an LLM trade stocks by itself. Real human beings need to be involved. Stock brokers have to do mandatory regulatory trainings, and get licenses and fill out forms, and incorporate businesses, and get insurance, and do a bunch of human shit. There is no code you could write that would get ChatGPT liability insurance. All that is just the stock trading -- we haven't even discussed how an LLM would receive insider trading tips on its own. How would that even happen?

If you were to do this in the real world, you'd need a human being to set up a ton of stuff. That person is responsible for making sure it follows the rules, just like they are for any other computer system.

On top of that, you don't need to do this research to understand that you should not let LLMs make decisions like this. You wouldn't even let low-level employees make decisions like this! Like I said, we know how LLMs work, and that's enough. For example, you don't need to do an experiment to decide if flipping coins is a good way to determine whether or not you should give someone healthcare, because the coin-flipping mechanism is well understood, and the mechanism by which it works is not suitable to healthcare decisions. LLMs are more complicated than coin flips, but we still understand the underlying mechanism well enough to know that this isn't a proper use for it.

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This makes perfect sense. It's been trained to answer questions to you satisfaction, not truthfully. It was made to prioritize your satisfaction over truth, so it will lie if necessary.

[-] tdawg@lemmy.world 13 points 1 year ago

Ya it's the fundamental issue with all of computing: Do what I mean not what I say

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[-] JohnEdwa@sopuli.xyz 12 points 1 year ago

It's also really hard not to train it like that as people rarely ask about something they know the answer to, so the more confident it sounds while spewing bullshit the more likely it is to pass, while "I don't know" is always unsatisfactory and gets it punished.

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[-] rtxn@lemmy.world 65 points 1 year ago* (last edited 1 year ago)

Study finds nonintelligent pattern-generating algorithm to be nonintelligent and only capable of generating patterns.

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[-] ristoril_zip@lemmy.zip 50 points 1 year ago

I feel like "lie" implies intent, and these imitative large language models don't have the ability to have intent.

They're imitating us. Or more specifically, they're imitating the database(s) they were fed. When chat GPT "lies" to "cover it up," all it's actually doing is demonstrating that a human in the same circumstance would probably lie to cover it up.

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[-] bassad@jlai.lu 49 points 1 year ago

Ahah it is ready to take the job of pur politicians

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[-] gandalf_der_12te@feddit.de 36 points 1 year ago

Bullshit.

It should instead read:

"Humans were stupid and taught a ChatBot how to cheat and lie."

[-] merc@sh.itjust.works 30 points 1 year ago

“Humans were stupid and taught a ChatBot how to cheat and lie.”

No, "cheating" and "lying" imply agency. LLMs are just "spicy autocomplete". They have no agency. They can't distinguish between lies and the truth. They can't "cheat" because they don't understand rules. It's just sometimes the auto-generated text happens to be true, other times it happens to be false.

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[-] MaxPower@feddit.de 32 points 1 year ago* (last edited 1 year ago)

we deploy GPT-4 as an agent in a realistic, simulated environment, where it assumes the role of an autonomous stock trading agent

This already is total BS. If you know how such language models work you'd never take their responses at face value, even though it's tempting because they spout their BS so confidently. Always double-check their responses before applying their "knowledge" in the real world.

The question they try to answer is flawed, no wonder the result is just as bad.

Before anyone starts crying about my language models opposition: I'm not opposed to LMs or ChatGPT. In fact, I'm running LMs locally because they help me be more productive and I'm a paying ChatGPT customer.

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[-] LWD@lemm.ee 27 points 1 year ago* (last edited 1 year ago)
[-] DarkGamer@kbin.social 24 points 1 year ago* (last edited 1 year ago)

It seems like there's a lot of common misunderstandings about LLMs and how they work, this quick 2.5 minute introduction does a pretty good job of explaining it in brief, for a more in-depth look at how to build a very basic LLM that writes infinite Shakespeare, this video goes over the details. It illustrates how LLMs work by choosing the next letter or token (part of a word) probabilistically.

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[-] crsu@lemmy.world 24 points 1 year ago
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[-] PlatinumSf@pawb.social 23 points 1 year ago* (last edited 1 year ago)

It's a neural net designed in our image based on our pain and greed based logic/learning/universal context, using that as a knowledge base. Can't really be surprised it emulates this feature of humanity 😂

[-] kaffiene@lemmy.world 15 points 1 year ago

Yet again confusing LLMs with an AGI. They make statistically plausible text on the basis of past text, that's it. There's no thinking thing there

[-] NAS89@lemmy.world 14 points 1 year ago

thats the thing I hate about ChatGPT. I asked it last night to name me all inventors named Albert born in the 1800’s. It listed Albert Einstein (inventor isn’t the correct description) and Albert King. I asked what Albert King invented and it responded “Albert King did not invent anything, but he founded the King Radio Company”.

When I asked why it listed Albert King as an inventor in the previous response, if he had no inventions, it responded telling me that based on the criteria I am now providing, it wouldn’t have listed him.

Fucking gaslighting me.

[-] DirigibleProtein@aussie.zone 13 points 1 year ago

Large Language Models aren’t AI, they’re closer to “predictive text”, like that game where you make sentences by choosing the first word from your phone’s autocorrect:

“The word you want the word you like and then the next sentence you choose to read the next sentence from your phone’s keyboard”.

Sometimes it almost seems like there could be an intelligence behind it, but it’s really just word association.

All this “training” data provides is a “better” or “more plausible” method of predicting which words to string together to appear to make a useful sentence.

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[-] kromem@lemmy.world 11 points 1 year ago* (last edited 1 year ago)

I see a lot of comments that aren't up to date with what's being discovered in research claiming that "given a LLM doesn't know the difference between true and false" that it can't be described as 'lying.'

Here's a paper from October 2023 showing that in fact LLMs can and do develop internal representations of whether it is aware a statement is true or false: The Geometry of Truth: Emergent Linear Structure in Large Language Model Representations of True/False Datasets

Which is just the latest in a series of multiple studies this past year that LLMs can and do develop abstracted world models in linear representations. For those curious and looking for a more digestible writeup, see Do Large Language Models learn world models or just surface statistics? from the researchers behind one of the first papers finding this.

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[-] Olhonestjim@lemmy.world 11 points 1 year ago

Honestly, the fact that these things are dishonest and we dont, maybe even can't know why is kind of a relief to me. It suggests they might not do the flawless bidding of the billionaires.

[-] uriel238 8 points 1 year ago* (last edited 1 year ago)

Computers do what you tell them to do, not what you want them to do
— Ancient coding adage, circa 1970s.

This remains true for AI, and the military is (so far) being cautious before allowing drones to autonomously control weapons. So corporations and billionaires might pull a Stockton Rush and kill themselves with their own robot army.

Sadly, the robot army may then move on to secure its own survival by killing or enslaving the rest of us.

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this post was submitted on 04 Dec 2023
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