The great thing about a lot of very good Linux distros is that you can run them from whats called a 'live USB' meaning you download the ISO of the distro you like the look of, put it on a USB drive, then reboot your PC and boot to the USB you just created (you might need to alter your BIOS boot order). There's a full guide here. The point here is to give the distro a try without putting anything on your harddrive so Windows is safe. If you like it, most distros will let you dual boot so you can have Windows and your linux distro on one machine.
In terms of the right distro a lot depends on what you'll be using the PC for. For a really good, stable general purpose distro I think Mint is perfect.