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this post was submitted on 12 Nov 2023
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Linux
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Linux is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991 by Linus Torvalds. Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution (or distro for short).
Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project. Many Linux distributions use the word "Linux" in their name, but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software, causing some controversy.
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Depends on what you mean by traditionally. Steam works without needing any special setup by enabling it in your configuration, just
programs.steam.enable = true. There's also imperative package management with nix profile (don't use nix-env -i which you will probably come across, it's broken by design). Personally though I recommend sticking with the declarative configuration and nix-shell which temporarily brings packages in scope for the current shell only.what do you mean by that?
nix-envis used to install packages in a similar way toaptoryum- you install a package, it gets downloaded and installed. This way of installing goes pretty much against the whole idea behind immutable systems.The clean way is to add a package to your configuration file (and reconstruct your OS from that), or use a
nix-shellif you need the package only temporarily.Oh, ok
So I should reinstall the OS every time I change my config?
Is this like the "deployments" from
rpm-ostreein Fedora Silverblue?You just run
sudo nixos-rebuild switchand it makes your system match whatever is in your configuration file (packages, services, hardware drivers, config files etc.).There's two different ways of identifying a nix package: its attribute path in the package set, and the name it self-identifies as. Here's an example where those differ, firefox-esr. Its attribute path is firefox-esr while the package name it reports is firefox.
It's very fast to find a package by its attribute path since that's essentially one or more map lookups. In contrary, the package name isn't unique (for example, firefox and firefox-esr both have a package name of "firefox" because they are built from the same package file just with different sources) and also doesn't have an index, so to find a package with a matching name you have to search through the entire package set and evaluate every package to get its name and check if it matches.
nix-env -i searches packages by their package name, which as a consequence makes it slow and also unreliable since you might not get the package you were looking for, but instead another with the same name. nix-env -iA somewhat fixes this by installing packages by their attribute path, but even if you use that you get the same issues with nix-env --upgrade since that always searches for packages to update by the installed packages' names (it might even replace one package with a completely unrelated one which coincidentally has the same name!).
The new nix profile however stores the attribute paths a package was installed from so doesn't have any of these problems.