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Do not update single packages on Archlinux, but
(beehaw.org)
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Linux is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991 by Linus Torvalds. Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution (or distro for short).
Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project. Many Linux distributions use the word "Linux" in their name, but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software, causing some controversy.
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If you have not ran a database update (any y after -y), pacman will fetch the version that is compatible with your current installed dependencies. This is not a partial upgrade.
The remote server only has the latest version of the package, and the latest version is always built against the dependencies on the remote server. So if you didn't update the database, then your pacman -S command will fail, because it can't find the package version on the remote server. So you did not install anything.