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Some basic questions about Linux
(sh.itjust.works)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Linux is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991 by Linus Torvalds. Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution (or distro for short).
Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project. Many Linux distributions use the word "Linux" in their name, but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software, causing some controversy.
Community icon by Alpár-Etele Méder, licensed under CC BY 3.0
On top of all the other informative comments answering a plethora of questions you understandably have when entering the Linux ecosystem, I want to express: don't feel like you need to learn all this stuff if it doesn't interest you, or otherwise turns you off the idea of Linux.
It's perfectly fine to ignore all the terminology, install whatever new-user friendly version of Linux you can, and just start using it. If it's not to your taste, or it asks too much of you, maybe try a different one. But I'm of the firm belief that immediately inundating a new user with a bunch of new vocab and unfamiliar workflows is the mark of a bad new user experience, and you shouldn't feel required to put up with that.
The fact is, unlike MSFT who has a bunch of terminology internal to the windows dev teams, Linux is developed in the open, so all the terminology leaks into the user world too. And you just need to get good at saying, "if this doesn't help me use my PC better for what I need it to do, I don't care".