In theory, a sophisticated enough virus could certainly disable thermal shutdown protection, and then run things super hot to try and overheat the processor, but the thermal shutdown logic is pretty deep in the CPU and you might actually need a BIOS update to modify it.

Probably an easier route would be to just use whatever overclocking API you can to raise voltages way higher than they're supposed to get. That's essentially what caused problems with the last few generations of Intel processors to fail, except it was faulty power management logic and not a virus.