Incompatibility problems with hardware? Nvidia isn’t great but it still works. What hardware do you have?

Have you used a virtual machine?

I would recommend Ubuntu because there is the most help for it available online. Googling questions with “Ubuntu” at the end of it will yield better results than other distributions but your mileage may vary. There are plenty of other options but Ubuntu is the most straightforward, and if you don’t like it you can try something else.

If you want to install it on your hardware you should look up “How to make linux live USB”

I don’t want to be rude but I feel like you’re overthinking the whole thing. If you want to play around with it just look up “how to make a linux virtual machine” and that will show you how to make one without losing your files.

If you want to use it as your main operating system you should make a backup of all your files first. Just throwing them on an external hard drive should be sufficient in most use cases.

Let me know if you have more specific questions, I know I didn’t answer everything in your post but feel free to let me know. I’m not a Linux power user or someone who works with it for a living but someone who made the switch 10+ years ago and has gotten by as a regular user pretty well.

I hear about incompatibility problems with hardware

This only gets better with time. When Windows Vista was released, Linux actually supported more hardware than Windows did, because it never had a comparable break in driver compatibility. Nowadays, unless you are buying bleeding edge hardware which just hit the market within the past month, just about everything works. Typically, once a piece of hardware is supported by Linux, it will remain supported until everybody who knows how it works dies. Linux may suffer with bleeding edge / niche hardware, but it shines above all others in keeping that hardware useful, even when there is no market incentive for the manufacturer to continue support.

You will run into problems here and there, but the grass isn't much greener on Windows where I have also experienced problems with oddball hardware. The only saving grace for Windows is if you buy a computer that ships with Windows, all the drivers will be installed. If you download the installation media directly from Microsoft, you end up in the same boat of having most of the hardware working, but having to tie up loose ends yourself.

So where do I start? I don’t even know how to choose hardware or what to look for.

I'd look in your closet for some old computer that you stopped using. Try it there first. Nothing to lose. If you don't have a heap of e-waste lying around, start with something inexpensive to learn the ropes, or try installing it on a virtual machine like VirtualBox. In general, just about any computer in the world will run Linux. You might just run into issues with oddball things like fingerprint scanners or wierd sensors (i.e. some laptops use accelerometers to stop spinning the hard drive if you drop it).

I’m unsure what I have to do to stay ‘safe’ on Linux.

This is easier to do than anywhere else. Linux comes in the form of "distributions." The distributor hosts a package repository, and you get all (well, 98%) of your software from that repository. This is different from Windows, where it is typical to download individual applications from all corners of the internet. As long as you trust your distributor, you are generally solid as far as safety goes. The only risks come from installing third-party software - but even then - you just apply the same logic as on Windows. Where is this program coming from? Do I trust this person / organization? etc.

The default settings are intended to be as safe as practical, and the various manuals and tutorials out there will warn you about doing stupid things. It usually requires manual intervention to make things unsafe.

Does Linux come with a trustworthy firewall/antivirus/malware detection?

It is rather uncommon to run antivirus software on Linux. This is typically only done on servers (for instance, a mail server screening attachments before forwarding them along to end users). You can install ClamAV, but this is redundant if you are getting all of your software straight from the distributor. In my humble opinion, antivirus software is a poor approach to security. Once a computer is infected, nothing on it should be trusted, including the antivirus software. Antivirus software is more appropriate as a data recovery tool than a prophylactic.

There is a firewall is built in to the kernel in the form of iptables or nftables, and there are some GUI programs for adjusting them. Again, a firewall isn't typically necessary unless you are running servers which listen for incoming connections. Typically, having your computer behind a router is sufficient. Unless your router is configured to forward incoming connections to your computer, those packets will be dropped there. Firewalls are more useful as a redundant method of making sure something like a database server, which is also configured only to accept connections from local processes, doesn't accidentally get misconfigured and accept connections from the open Internet.

I hear that ‘open source’ means people can check the code but how do I know if someone has checked the code—I wouldn’t know what to look for myself.

This is a valid critique. There certainly have been times where this assumption has turned out poorly. Still, it is a better situation than completely unverifiable proprietary software. At the very least, contributors to the individual pieces of software are looking at it, as well as the distributors which need to build and package it. There are a few layers of review taking place, even if they don't quite reach the level of a full audit.

TL;DR: If you are just using your computer for casual web browsing and shit, try out Fedora or Ubuntu. The installation media boots to a functioning desktop, and you can try things out and see if they work before committing to installing (this is not true for all distributions though).

I switched to linux less than a year ago after using winblows for most of my life. I found Fedora to be really easy to start with. It's a good mix of stability access to new versions of stuff. KDE plasma is a really good all around desktop environment and easy to adjust to if coming from windows. I'm sure others will chime in with other distro/DE suggestions.

I'd give you more advice, but I still have a lot to learn about linux. I won't be much help with hardware either because I only know about hardware leading up to when I build a PC; I forget most of it shortly afterward.

Tl;dr: when you get into it, you will change distros like you change clothes, so it doesn't really matter.

Theres no much to go wrong by picking popular choices (Ubuntu) and figuring out how to change it later.

I was going to continue, but I explicitly wanted to write the shortest post in the thread.

Linux is way safer than Windows because barely anyone targets it with malware. As far as safety goes, the main thing is to try and understand what each copy/pasted "sudo" command does before running it. Sudo means "super user do" which gives admin privileges to the commands you are running in command line.

I have never had any malware on any Linux machine I have run. If you're worried because of your threat model (government, hackers, etc), staying within the main built-in repositories will keep you safer.

Things that are community or user-run (RPMfusion, Ubuntu PPA's/Personal Package Archives, AUR/Arch User Repository) are slightly more vulnerable to malicious activity of the kind you're describing, although I have never had a problem trusting them.

Most of the time, you don't really have to worry about hardware compatibility, especially if you are using desktop. There are some things that work better than others (like AMD GPU as opposed to Nvidia) but in most cases both are fine. As others already suggested, probably the easiest way to get started is to just grab a USB drive and put Linux on it. You can then boot onto it and play around in that installation, also with this you can check that your hardware is compatible.

Other than that, I would recommend just trying it. Look into distros already there are some good suggestion with Mint, PopOS, Fedora. Try different Desktop Environments (basically how everything looks) there are two major ones KDE and GNOME and some other ones. Try them and see what works best for you. Overall, I wouldn't worry about it too much, especially with your usage any distro should work for you.

Do you have an old laptop lying around? That's a great way to try out Linux without wiping out your main system. Most hardware, especially if it's a few years old, has excellent support in Linux.

There are antivirus programs for Linux, but I wouldn't recommend it. First of all malware targeting Linux is so much more rare than malware targeting Mac or Windows, but also Linux has some better security practices in general, like not requiring you to run everything as administrator. Most distros will come with a firewall installed that you can configure if you want.

Linux is one of the most reviewed pieces of software in the world. It's used by every major company, and in almost all of the Internet servers you visit. The chances that it's exfiltrating your passwords is extremely low. Linus has even discussed in an interview that the NSA proposed to put a backdoor in Linux, but he refused.

To get started, I would recommend just installing a beginner-friendly distro like Linux Mint on an old laptop or desktop you have lying around. It's actually super easy to jump in, and you'll learn a lot more by actually trying it out compared to reading some beginner guide.

Good luck! I've been using Linux as my daily driver for over 10 years now and I would never go back to Windows 😀

if you just want a quick start list of steps

grab your computer (laptop or desktop pc, doesnt matter)

install virtual box or vmware (doesnt matter which tbh) on your computer

go to the ubuntu homepage or linux mint (or if you wanna get more involved look for other beginer friendly distros, pop os is good for that too)

after you download the distro you chose, install it on the virtual machine (theres youtube videos for this and help across the web)

try it out for a while, its possible you run into issues that only exist on the virtual machine, this isnt too bad, spend some time just getting used to it

I personally have 2 Linux distros alongside Windows in my computer, I suggest you don't remove Windows just yet since you probably will need it until you have everything set up on Linux, and there are some programs and games that will only run on Windows.

If / when you install Linux on your PC, I think it would be a good idea to look into how to make a dedicated /home partition (/home is the folder where all the user folders are) so if you want to try another distro you can still access the stuff your user had in the distro you were using before.

Though making a dedicated /home partition is not very straightforward if you've never done it before. However I'm sure if you ask around here people will help you.

Perhaps it would be cool to make a masterpost on this community explaining some basic stuff about Linux. I could probably do it but I would need help from more experienced Linux users to proofread the stuff I put there, as I don't want to post misinformation.

For the usage you describe really any distribution is fine. A distribution is like a style of linux. Mint, Fedora, and Manjaro are pretty easy ones to start with, just pick one and download the iso file. From there you can make a bootable USB drive where you can play with whichever one you chose, they will have instructions on any of their respective websites on how to make a bootable USB. The best part is that the bootable USB doesn't change your existing system until you tell it to, so at any point you can unplug the USB and boot back into windows.

Here's a slightly dated video on how to do it: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Vq_v0oGPH8

Chris has a great channel and likely covers questions that are going to come up for you.

Best of luck, don't be afraid to ask questions. One of the best ways to learn is to break stuff and figure out how to get back to a working system.

Linux Introduction

Hardware Support

The situation regarding hardware support has improved massively in the last decade. The only components you may find don't work on a regular basis in a device are the WiFi, Bluetooth, and RGB controls (though these circumstances have also improved massively). I'd recommend installing it on an old computer instead of buying new hardware, as it will most likely work out of the box without you needlessly spending more money. Anything with more than 2GB of ram will likely run fine.

Security and Privacy

There is relatively little to due regarding security. It goes according to the standard don't open dodgy links and the like you previously stated. Furthermore, not only do you not need to install an anti-virus, I don't think any exist for desktop use. Most Linux distributions come with a decent built-in firewall. There is little to no chance of a Linux distribution sending passwords or other credentials anywhere, or granting access to your HDD contents. Most mainstream Linux distributions are regularly checked by various auditing teams, so that is of little concern.

Distributions

A distribution is mostly just the array of software installed around the base system. Some may be better suited to certain needs than others, though (almost) all may be modified to meet a given need. For those not familiar with Linux, I usually recommend Linux Mint for its Windows-like interface, abundance of per-installed tools/applications, stability, and ease of use.

Applications

Browsing the web:

1. Firefox - Often installed by default, it is compatible with all major web standards (existing and planned.)
2. Chromium - The base for google chrome, for those unable to give it up.

Document Editing:

1. LibreOffice - Supports all major document formats, is preinstalled, and powerful in what it does. May mangle complex formatting on Microsoft Office documents.
2. Google Office - If your already in the ecosystem, it's one less thing to change.

PDFs:

1. Whatever is preinstalled - They are all fine.

Modifying Text Files:

1. Whatever is preinstalled - They are all fine.

Installation

A decent YouTube Guide on it's installation.