Be aware, they're "Wiener" sausages in Germany, but "Frankfurter" in Austria. Same product though.

Berliner: a jelly doughnut

Amerikaner: a kind of pastry

Not a food, but Pariser is another word for condom.

Edit: Note that many of these depend on the regional dialect. People in Berlin say Pfannkuchen instead of Berliner.

There are also Nürnberger, a small Bratwurst.

Also, a lot of breweries resp. their beers are either called like the city they're from, or shortened to it.

Examples would be Tegernseer Hell, Erdinger Dunkel, and so on. There are likely hundreds like that all over Germany.

The cinnamon roll, schnecke, is named after the town where the inventor's slimy ex-girlfriend lived.

Brioche Parisienne is a pastry that was invented – you guessed it, of course – in Venice, Italy.
Spaghetti Bolognese is a dish that comes from – you knew this, I'm sure – Germany.
Jaffa Cookies, named after the Israeli port city, are obviously a British specialty.
And Russian Bread was naturally invented by Ferdinand Friedrich Wilhelm Hanke.

Lyoner, a type of sausage.
Kasseler, a type of meat.

Berliner?