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As mentioned, it's basically inertia, friction, laminar flow. You turn the bowl, but the contents are liquid, so the bowl moves around them. Only the water touching the bowl itself is moved through friction (and the water touching that water, and so on, diminishing the further you get from the bowl).
If you turn the bowl quickly, you overcome most of that friction, and less water moves. Turn the bowl slowly, and friction keeps the water together.
For a fun visual, in a still liquid, you can see that these rotations are reversible, allowing you to "unmix" a liquid! https://youtu.be/p08_KlTKP50